Research Help : Citation Styles
Your References Should ...
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Conform to Vancouver style as put forth by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and adopted by biomedical publishers worldwide. Please see
http://www.icmje.org and
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_ requirements.html for complete details. |
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Be cited consecutively in the order in which they appear in your paper, presentation, poster, etc. |
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Be identified in text by superscript Arabic numbers1(e.g.). |
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Not include any “unpublished observations” or “personal communications.” Written, not oral, communications are inserted, in parentheses, in the text. |
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List all authors/editors when six or less; when seven or more, list the first six and add et al. |
Journal Articles
Author(s). Title of journal article. Abbreviated journal name. year month day if available; volume number (issue number):pages.
Standard Journal Articles up to Six Authors
Gilmartin HM. Provider-pharmacist education and adherence rates for the oral typhoid vaccine: a pilot study. J Travel Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;12(2):113-4.
Mkrtchyan SR, Markosyan RM, Eadon MT, Moore JP, Melikyan GB, Cohen FS. Ternary complex formation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env, CD4, and chemokine receptor captured as an intermediate of membrane fusion. J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(17):11161-9.
More than Six Authors
Menard D, Djalle D, Manirakiza A,Yapou F, Siadoua V, Sana S, et al. Drug-resistant malaria in bangui, central african republic: an in vitro assessment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Aug;73(2):239-43. Am J Med 1990;88:614-18.
No Author(s) listed
Blunting the danger of diabetes. Cholesterol drugs appear to lower the risks of heart disease. Heart Advis. 2003 Dec;6(12):3.
Letter to the Editor
Smego RA Jr. Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 28;353(4):420-2.
Published Abstract including Volume Supplement
Want LL, Ratner RE, Uwaifo GI. Safety and tolerability of long-term pramlintide therapy [abstract]. Diabetes. 2004 June; 53 Suppl 2:A150.
Journal Articles ONLY Available Electronically
Hill LH, Kirkwood CK, Student and Preceptor Perception of Performance in Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Aug 19]; 69(4):[about 10 p.]. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/view.asp?art=aj690463&pdf=yes.
Books
Author(s). Title of book, edition if not first. Place of publication:publisher, year.
Book with author(s)
Riegelman RK. Studying a study and testing a test, 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Book with editor(s)
Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical pharmacology, 9th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Book with no author or editor
Physicians' desk reference, 59th ed. Montvale (NJ): Thomson PDR, 2004.
Book Chapters
Author(s)/editor(s) of chapter. Title of chapter. In: author(s)/editor(s) of book. Title of book. City of publication (State or country of publication): Publisher, year:pages of book chapter.
O'Connell MB, Seaton TL. Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, editors. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 6th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill: Medical Publishing Division, 2005. p. 1645-69.
Package Inserts
Manufacturer. Brand name (generic) package insert. City, State abbreviation; year.
Bayer Corporation. Cipro (ciprofloxacin) package insert. West Haven, CT; 2000.
Unpublished Materials
See pages 45-47 of the AMA Manual of Style (ACP-REF WZ 345 .A43 1998) for information on citing unpublished meeting presentations and material accepted for publication but not yet published. Instructions on how to deal with “personal communications” or conversations can also be found on these pages.
Webpages
Title of MAIN homepage as found at the very top of your browser [homepage on the Internet]. city of publication (state/country of publication): Publisher; c year(s) of copyright [updated date; cited date]. Title of page as found at the very top of your browser; Available from: URL.
Drug Information by RxList [homepage on the Internet]. Rancho Santa Fe (CA): RxList LLC; c2005 [cited 19 Aug 2005]. Zantac Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients – Ranitidine Hcl – RxList Monographs; Available from:
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ranit.htm.
Food and Drug Administration Home Page [homepage on the Internet]. Rockville (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; c2005 Aug 1 [cited 2005 Aug 18]. FDA Issues Safety Alert on Infants' Oral Drops Containing Enclosed Syringe; Available from:
http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/2005/ ans01364.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [homepage on the Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c2005 Feb 16 [cited 2005 Aug 19]. NIP: Immunization Scheduler; Available from:
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/scheduler_le/default.asp.
Micromedex
Micromedex Databases
(i.e. AltCareDex, AltMedDex, Drugdex, DrugPoints, Drug-Reax, Emergindex, Indentidex, IV Index, Poisindex, Reprorisk, Tomes, US PDI) – for a complete list of databases and how to cite them, please see:
http://www.micromedex.com/about_us/legal/cite
Drug name. Micromedex database. [database on the Internet]. Thomson Micromedex, Greenwood Village, Colorado. [cited year month day].
Fluticasone. Drugdex. [database on the Internet]. Thomson Micromedex. Greenwood Village, Colorado. [cited 2005 Aug 31].
Carbamazepine. USP DI Drug information for the health care professional. [database on the Internet] Thomson Micromedex. Greenwood Village, Colorado. [cited 2005 Aug 31].
PDR on Micromedex
Trade Name (generic name), Manufacturer. In: PDR Electronic Library, Thomson Micromedex, Greenwood Village, Colorado [cited date].
Clinical Pharmacology
Drug name. Section of Clinical Pharmacology highlighted tab found at top of screen . [database on the Internet] Clinical Pharmacology . Tampa (FL): Gold Standard. c year(s) of copyright found at very bottom center of screen [updated date found at bottom of monograph; cited date].
Meningovax AC. Drug Products. [database on the Internet] Clinical Pharmacology. Tampa (FL): Gold Standard. c2005 [updated 2002 Dec 23; cited 2005 Aug 24].
Lyme Disease Vaccination. Patient education. [database on the Internet] Clinical Pharmacology. Tampa (FL): Gold Standard. c2005 [updated 2004 Oct 23; cited 2005 Aug 24].
Cochrane Reviews
Jackson KC, Lipman AG. Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill patients (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Oxford: Update Software, 2005, Issue 2. Art. No. CD004770.
STAT!REF – Books Online
Author(s)/editor(s) of chapter. Title of chapter. In: author(s)/editor(s) of book. Title of book, edition. city of publication (state/country of publication): Publisher; year. [monograph on the Internet] [cited date]. Available from:
http://online.statref.com.
AHFS Drug Information
Mometasone furoate. In: McEvoy GK, editor. AHFS drug information 2005. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; c2005 [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 24]. Available from:
http://online.statref.com.
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
Hoffman BB. Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and clinical pharmacology, 9th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004. [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 31] Available from:
http//online.statref.com.
Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Jacobs RA, Guglielmo B. Anti-infective chemotherapeutic & antibiotic agents. In: Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Padadkis MA, editors. Current medical diagnosis and treatment, 44th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 31]. Available from:
http://online.statref.com.
Geriatric Medicine: An Evidence Based Approach
Vladeck BC. Mechanisms of paying for health care. In: Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ, Larson EB, Meier DE, Capello CF. editors. Geriatric medicine: an evidence based approach, 4th ed. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag; 2003 [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 31]. Available from
http://online.statref.com.
Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
Gallagher EJ. Neurologic principles. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. editors. Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies, 7th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002. [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 31]. Available from:
http://online.statref.com.
Review of General Psychiatry
Africa B, Freudenreich O, Schwartz SR. Schizophrenic disorders. In: Goldman HH. editor. Review of general psychiatry, 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000. [monograph on the Internet] [cited 2005 Aug 31]. Available from:
http://online.statref.com.
Harrison's Online
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Linden CH, Burns MJ. Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al. editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 16th ed. [monograph on the Internet]. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; c2004-2005 [cited 2005 Aug 24]. Harrison's Online. Available from:
http://www.accessmedicine.com.
Other Info from Harrison's
Barlam TF. Identification of asthma as an independent risk factor of invasive pneumococcal disease. Update Related To: Chapter 107. Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use; Chapter 119. Pneumococcal Infections In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al. editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
[monograph on the Internet]. c2004-2005 [updated 2005 Aug 15; cited 2004 Aug 24]. Harrison's Online. Available from:
http://www.accessmedicine.com.
Citation Style Guide Example of Use in a Paper
Below is an example of how the Citation Style Guide is used within a paper. Note the use of superscript numbers to indicate when a reference was used within the paper.
Risk factors for meningococcal disease in college students
Neisseria meningitidis causes an estimated 2400 cases of invasive meningococcal disease annually in the United States with a case fatality rate of 10% to 15%.
1 Meningococcal disease has traditionally been considered a disease of children; however, it is now a leading cause of both meningitis and sepsis in young adults.2 Since 1990, the number of meningococcal disease outbreaks has increased including on college campuses3 but outbreaks represent only 2% to 3% of overall meningococcal disease.4 Over the past 10 years, rates of meningococcal disease among adolescents and young adults have increased
5 while rates among college students were not available ...
References
| 1. |
Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, Stephens DS. The changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1894-1901. |
| 2. |
Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger J. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med 1997;337:970-976. |
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Jackson LA, Schuchat A, Reeves MW, Wenger JD. Serogroup C meningococcal outbreaks in the United States. JAMA 1995;273:383-389. |
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Woods CW, Rosenstein N, Perkins BA. Neisseria meningitidis outbreaks in the United States, 1994-1997. Paper presented at: Infectious Diseases Society of America; November 12-15, 1998; Denver, Colo. Abstract 125Fr. |
| 5. |
Martone WJ, Schaffner W, Collins Ml. The changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the US with emphasis on college health issues. The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases 1999;1-16. |